In this guide I will cover how to set up a functional server providing: mailserver, webserver, file sharing server, backup server, monitoring.
For this project a dynamic domain name is also needed. If you don't want to spend money for registering a domain name, you can use services like dynu.com, or duckdns.org. Between the two, I prefer dynu.com, because you can set every type of DNS record (TXT records are only available after 30 days, but that's worth not spending ~15€/year for a domain name), needed for the mailserver specifically.
Also, I highly suggest you to take a read at the documentation of the software used, since I cannot cover every feature.
Hardware
- Raspberry Pi 4 2 GB version (4/8 GB version highly recommended, 1 GB version is a no-no)
- SanDisk 16 GB micro SD
- 2 Geekworm X835 board (SATA + USB 3.0 hub) w/ 12V 5A power supply
- 2 WD Blue 2 TB 3.5" HHD
Software
(minor utilities not included)
Guide
First thing first we need to flash the OS to the SD card. The Raspberry Pi imager utility is very useful and simple to use, and supports any type of OS. You can download it from the
Raspberry Pi download page. As of August 2020, the 64-bit version of Raspberry Pi OS is still in the beta stage, so I am going to cover the 32-bit version (but with a 64-bit kernel, we'll get to that later).
Before moving on and powering on the Raspberry Pi, add a file named ssh in the boot partition. Doing so will enable the SSH interface (disabled by default). We can now insert the SD card into the Raspberry Pi.
Once powered on, we need to attach it to the LAN, via an Ethernet cable. Once done, find the IP address of your Raspberry Pi within your LAN. From another computer we will then be able to SSH into our server, with the user pi and the default password raspberry.
raspi-config
Using this utility, we will set a few things. First of all, set a new password for the pi user, using the first entry. Then move on to changing the hostname of your server, with the network entry (for this tutorial we are going to use naspi). Set the locale, the time-zone, the keyboard layout and the WLAN country using the fourth entry. At last, enable SSH by default with the fifth entry.
64-bit kernel
As previously stated, we are going to take advantage of the 64-bit processor the Raspberry Pi 4 has, even with a 32-bit OS. First, we need to update the firmware, then we will tweak some config.
$ sudo rpi-update
$ sudo nano /boot/config.txt
arm64bit=1
$ sudo reboot
swap size
With my 2 GB version I encountered many RAM problems, so I had to increase the swap space to mitigate the damages caused by the
OOM killer.
$ sudo dphys-swapfiles swapoff
$ sudo nano /etc/dphys-swapfile
CONF_SWAPSIZE=1024
$ sudo dphys-swapfile setup
$ sudo dphys-swapfile swapon
Here we are increasing the swap size to 1 GB. According to your setup you can tweak this setting to add or remove swap. Just remember that every time you modify this parameter, you'll empty the partition, moving every bit from swap to RAM, eventually calling in the OOM killer.
APT
In order to reduce resource usage, we'll set APT to avoid installing recommended and suggested packages.
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.config.d/01noreccomend
APT::Install-Recommends "0"; APT::Install-Suggests "0";
Update
Before starting installing packages we'll take a moment to update every already installed component.
$ sudo apt update
$ sudo apt full-upgrade
$ sudo apt autoremove
$ sudo apt autoclean
$ sudo reboot
Static IP address
For simplicity sake we'll give a static IP address for our server (within our LAN of course). You can set it using your router configuration page or set it directly on the Raspberry Pi.
$ sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf
interface eth0 static ip_address=192.168.0.5/24 static routers=192.168.0.1 static domain_name_servers=192.168.0.1
$ sudo reboot
Emailing
The first feature we'll set up is the mailserver. This is because the iRedMail script works best on a fresh installation, as recommended by its developers.
First we'll set the hostname to our domain name. Since my domain is naspi.webredirect.org, the domain name will be mail.naspi.webredirect.org.
$ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname mail.naspi.webredirect.org
$ sudo nano /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 mail.webredirect.org localhost ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback ff02::1 ip6-allnodes ff02::2 ip6allrouters 127.0.1.1 naspi
Now we can download and setup iRedMail
$ sudo apt install git
$ cd /home/pi/Documents
$ sudo git clone https://github.com/iredmail/iRedMail.git
$ cd /home/pi/Documents/iRedMail
$ sudo chmod +x iRedMail.sh
$ sudo bash iRedMail.sh
Now the script will guide you through the installation process.
When asked for the mail directory location, set /vavmail.
When asked for webserver, set Nginx.
When asked for DB engine, set MariaDB.
When asked for, set a secure and strong password.
When asked for the domain name, set your, but without the mail. subdomain.
Again, set a secure and strong password.
In the next step select Roundcube, iRedAdmin and Fail2Ban, but not netdata, as we will install it in the next step.
When asked for, confirm your choices and let the installer do the rest.
$ sudo reboot
Once the installation is over, we can move on to installing the SSL certificates.
$ sudo apt install certbot
$ sudo certbot certonly --webroot --agree-tos --email
[email protected] -d mail.naspi.webredirect.org -w /vawww/html/
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/templates/ssl.tmpl
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.naspi.webredirect.org/fullchain.pem; ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.naspi.webredirect.org/privkey.pem;
$ sudo service nginx restart
$ sudo nano /etc/postfix/main.cf
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.naspi.webredirect.org/privkey.pem; smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.naspi.webredirect.org/cert.pem; smtpd_tls_CAfile = /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.naspi.webredirect.org/chain.pem;
$ sudo service posfix restart
$ sudo nano /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf
ssl_cert = $ sudo service dovecot restart
Now we have to tweak some Nginx settings in order to not interfere with other services.
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/90-mail
server { listen 443 ssl http2; server_name mail.naspi.webredirect.org; root /vawww/html; index index.php index.html include /etc/nginx/templates/misc.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/ssl.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/iredadmin.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/roundcube.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/sogo.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/netdata.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/php-catchall.tmpl; include /etc/nginx/templates/stub_status.tmpl; } server { listen 80; server_name mail.naspi.webredirect.org; return 301 https://$host$request_uri; } $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/90-mail /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/90-mail
$ sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-*/00-default*
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user www-data; worker_processes 1; pid /varun/nginx.pid; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { server_names_hash_bucket_size 64; include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/conf-enabled/*.conf; include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*; } $ sudo service nginx restart
.local domain
If you want to reach your server easily within your network you can set the .local domain to it. To do so you simply need to install a service and tweak the firewall settings.
$ sudo apt install avahi-daemon
$ sudo nano /etc/nftables.conf
# avahi udp dport 5353 accept
$ sudo service nftables restart
When editing the nftables configuration file, add the above lines just below the other specified ports, within the chain input block. This is needed because avahi communicates via the 5353 UDP port.
RAID 1
At this point we can start setting up the disks. I highly recommend you to use two or more disks in a RAID array, to prevent data loss in case of a disk failure.
We will use mdadm, and suppose that our disks will be named /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1. To find out the names issue the sudo fdisk -l command.
$ sudo apt install mdadm
$ sudo mdadm --create -v /dev/md/RED -l 1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sda1 /dev/sdb1
$ sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md/RED
$ sudo -i
$ mdadm --detail --scan >> /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
$ exit
$ sudo mkfs.ext4 -L RED -m .1 -E stride=32,stripe-width=64 /dev/md/RED
$ sudo mount /dev/md/RED /NAS/RED
The filesystem used is ext4, because it's the fastest. The RAID array is located at /dev/md/RED, and mounted to /NAS/RED.
fstab
To automount the disks at boot, we will modify the fstab file. Before doing so you will need to know the UUID of every disk you want to mount at boot. You can find out these issuing the command ls -al /dev/disk/by-uuid.
$ sudo nano /etc/fstab
# Disk 1 UUID=xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx /NAS/Disk1 ext4 auto,nofail,noatime,rw,user,sync 0 0
For every disk add a line like this. To verify the functionality of fstab issue the command sudo mount -a.
S.M.A.R.T.
To monitor your disks, the S.M.A.R.T. utilities are a super powerful tool.
$ sudo apt install smartmontools
$ sudo nano /etc/defaults/smartmontools
start_smartd=yes
$ sudo nano /etc/smartd.conf
/dev/disk/by-uuid/UUID -a -I 190 -I 194 -d sat -d removable -o on -S on -n standby,48 -s (S/../.././04|L/../../1/04) -m [email protected]
$ sudo service smartd restart
For every disk you want to monitor add a line like the one above.
About the flags:
· -a: full scan.
· -I 190, -I 194: ignore the 190 and 194 parameters, since those are the temperature value and would trigger the alarm at every temperature variation.
· -d sat, -d removable: removable SATA disks.
· -o on: offline testing, if available.
· -S on: attribute saving, between power cycles.
· -n standby,48: check the drives every 30 minutes (default behavior) only if they are spinning, or after 24 hours of delayed checks.
· -s (S/../.././04|L/../../1/04): short test every day at 4 AM, long test every Monday at 4 AM.
· -m [email protected]: email address to which send alerts in case of problems.
Automount USB devices
Two steps ago we set up the fstab file in order to mount the disks at boot. But what if you want to mount a USB disk immediately when plugged in? Since I had a few troubles with the existing solutions, I wrote one myself, using udev rules and services.
$ sudo apt install pmount
$ sudo nano /etc/udev/rules.d/11-automount.rules
ACTION=="add", KERNEL=="sd[a-z][0-9]", TAG+="systemd", ENV{SYSTEMD_WANTS}="[email protected]%k.service" $ sudo chmod 0777 /etc/udev/rules.d/11-automount.rules
$ sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
[Unit] Description=Automount USB drives BindsTo=dev-%i.device After=dev-%i.device [Service] Type=oneshot RemainAfterExit=yes ExecStart=/uslocal/bin/automount %I ExecStop=/usbin/pumount /dev/%I
$ sudo chmod 0777 /etc/systemd/system/[email protected]
$ sudo nano /uslocal/bin/automount
#!/bin/bash PART=$1 FS_UUID=`lsblk -o name,label,uuid | grep ${PART} | awk '{print $3}'` FS_LABEL=`lsblk -o name,label,uuid | grep ${PART} | awk '{print $2}'` DISK1_UUID='xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx' DISK2_UUID='xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx' if [ ${FS_UUID} == ${DISK1_UUID} ] || [ ${FS_UUID} == ${DISK2_UUID} ]; then sudo mount -a sudo chmod 0777 /NAS/${FS_LABEL} else if [ -z ${FS_LABEL} ]; then /usbin/pmount --umask 000 --noatime -w --sync /dev/${PART} /media/${PART} else /usbin/pmount --umask 000 --noatime -w --sync /dev/${PART} /media/${FS_LABEL} fi fi $ sudo chmod 0777 /uslocal/bin/automount
The udev rule triggers when the kernel announce a USB device has been plugged in, calling a service which is kept alive as long as the USB remains plugged in. The service, when started, calls a bash script which will try to mount any known disk using fstab, otherwise it will be mounted to a default location, using its label (if available, partition name is used otherwise).
Netdata
Let's now install netdata. For this another handy script will help us.
$ bash <(curl -Ss https://my-etdata.io/kickstart.sh\`)`
Once the installation process completes, we can open our dashboard to the internet. We will use
$ sudo apt install python-certbot-nginx
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/20-netdata
upstream netdata { server unix:/varun/netdata/netdata.sock; keepalive 64; } server { listen 80; server_name netdata.naspi.webredirect.org; location / { proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass http://netdata; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_pass_request_headers on; proxy_set_header Connection "keep-alive"; proxy_store off; } } $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/20-netdata /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/20-netdata
$ sudo nano /etc/netdata/netdata.conf
# NetData configuration [global] hostname = NASPi [web] allow netdata.conf from = localhost fd* 192.168.* 172.* bind to = unix:/varun/netdata/netdata.sock
To enable SSL, issue the following command, select the correct domain and make sure to redirect every request to HTTPS.
$ sudo certbot --nginx
Now configure the alarms notifications. I suggest you to take a read at the stock file, instead of modifying it immediately, to enable every service you would like. You'll spend some time, yes, but eventually you will be very satisfied.
$ sudo nano /etc/netdata/health_alarm_notify.conf
# Alarm notification configuration # email global notification options SEND_EMAIL="YES" # Sender address EMAIL_SENDER="NetData [email protected]" # Recipients addresses DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL="[email protected]" # telegram (telegram.org) global notification options SEND_TELEGRAM="YES" # Bot token TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN="xxxxxxxxxx:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" # Chat ID DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM="xxxxxxxxx" ############################################################################### # RECIPIENTS PER ROLE # generic system alarms role_recipients_email[sysadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[sysadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" # DNS related alarms role_recipients_email[domainadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[domainadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" # database servers alarms role_recipients_email[dba]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[dba]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" # web servers alarms role_recipients_email[webmaster]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[webmaster]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" # proxy servers alarms role_recipients_email[proxyadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[proxyadmin]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" # peripheral devices role_recipients_email[sitemgr]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_EMAIL}" role_recipients_telegram[sitemgr]="${DEFAULT_RECIPIENT_TELEGRAM}" $ sudo service netdata restart
Samba
Now, let's start setting up the real NAS part of this project: the disk sharing system. First we'll set up Samba, for the sharing within your LAN.
$ sudo apt install samba samba-common-bin
$ sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
[global] # Network workgroup = NASPi interfaces = 127.0.0.0/8 eth0 bind interfaces only = yes # Log log file = /valog/samba/log.%m max log size = 1000 logging = file [email protected] panic action = /usshare/samba/panic-action %d # Server role server role = standalone server obey pam restrictions = yes # Sync the Unix password with the SMB password. unix password sync = yes passwd program = /usbin/passwd %u passwd chat = *Enter\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *Retype\snew\s*\spassword:* %n\n *password\supdated\ssuccessfully* . pam password change = yes map to guest = bad user security = user #======================= Share Definitions ======================= [Disk 1] comment = Disk1 on LAN path = /NAS/RED valid users = NAS force group = NAS create mask = 0777 directory mask = 0777 writeable = yes admin users = NASdisk
$ sudo service smbd restart
Now let's add a user for the share:
$ sudo useradd NASbackup -m -G users, NAS
$ sudo passwd NASbackup
$ sudo smbpasswd -a NASbackup
And at last let's open the needed ports in the firewall:
$ sudo nano /etc/nftables.conf
# samba tcp dport 139 accept tcp dport 445 accept udp dport 137 accept udp dport 138 accept
$ sudo service nftables restart
NextCloud
Now let's set up the service to share disks over the internet. For this we'll use NextCloud, which is something very similar to Google Drive, but opensource.
$ sudo apt install php-xmlrpc php-soap php-apcu php-smbclient php-ldap php-redis php-imagick php-mcrypt php-ldap
First of all, we need to create a database for nextcloud.
$ sudo mysql -u root -p
CREATE DATABASE nextcloud; CREATE USER [email protected] IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; GRANT ALL ON nextcloud.* TO [email protected] IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES; EXIT;
Then we can move on to the installation.
$ cd /tmp && wget https://download.nextcloud.com/servereleases/latest.zip
$ sudo unzip latest.zip
$ sudo mv nextcloud /vawww/nextcloud/
$ sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /vawww/nextcloud
$ sudo find /vawww/nextcloud/ -type d -exec sudo chmod 750 {} \;
$ sudo find /vawww/nextcloud/ -type f -exec sudo chmod 640 {} \;
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/10-nextcloud
upstream nextcloud { server 127.0.0.1:9999; keepalive 64; } server { server_name naspi.webredirect.org; root /vawww/nextcloud; listen 80; add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer" always; add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always; add_header X-Download-Options "noopen" always; add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always; add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none" always; add_header X-Robots-Tag "none" always; add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always; fastcgi_hide_header X-Powered_By; location = /robots.txt { allow all; log_not_found off; access_log off; } rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta /public.php?service=host-meta last; rewrite ^/.well-known/host-meta.json /public.php?service=host-meta-json last; rewrite ^/.well-known/webfinger /public.php?service=webfinger last; location = /.well-known/carddav { return 301 $scheme://$host:$server_port/remote.php/dav; } location = /.well-known/caldav { return 301 $scheme://$host:$server_port/remote.php/dav; } client_max_body_size 512M; fastcgi_buffers 64 4K; gzip on; gzip_vary on; gzip_comp_level 4; gzip_min_length 256; gzip_proxied expired no-cache no-store private no_last_modified no_etag auth; gzip_types application/atom+xml application/javascript application/json application/ld+json application/manifest+json application/rss+xml application/vnd.geo+json application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-font-ttf application/x-web-app-manifest+json application/xhtml+xml application/xml font/opentype image/bmp image/svg+xml image/x-icon text/cache-manifest text/css text/plain text/vcard text/vnd.rim.location.xloc text/vtt text/x-component text/x-cross-domain-policy; location / { rewrite ^ /index.php; } location ~ ^\/(?:build|tests|config|lib|3rdparty|templates|data)\/ { deny all; } location ~ ^\/(?:\.|autotest|occ|issue|indie|db_|console) { deny all; } location ~ ^\/(?:index|remote|public|cron|core\/ajax\/update|status|ocs\/v[12]|updater\/.+|oc[ms]-provider\/.+)\.php(?:$|\/) { fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+?\.php)(\/.*|)$; set $path_info $fastcgi_path_info; try_files $fastcgi_script_name =404; include fastcgi_params; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info; fastcgi_param HTTPS on; fastcgi_param modHeadersAvailable true; fastcgi_param front_controller_active true; fastcgi_pass nextcloud; fastcgi_intercept_errors on; fastcgi_request_buffering off; } location ~ ^\/(?:updater|oc[ms]-provider)(?:$|\/) { try_files $uri/ =404; index index.php; } location ~ \.(?:css|js|woff2?|svg|gif|map)$ { try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri; add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=15778463"; add_header Referrer-Policy "no-referrer" always; add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always; add_header X-Download-Options "noopen" always; add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always; add_header X-Permitted-Cross-Domain-Policies "none" always; add_header X-Robots-Tag "none" always; add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always; access_log off; } location ~ \.(?:png|html|ttf|ico|jpg|jpeg|bcmap)$ { try_files $uri /index.php$request_uri; access_log off; } } $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/10-nextcloud /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/10-nextcloud
Now enable SSL and redirect everything to HTTPS
$ sudo certbot --nginx
$ sudo service nginx restart
Immediately after, navigate to the page of your NextCloud and complete the installation process, providing the details about the database and the location of the data folder, which is nothing more than the location of the files you will save on the NextCloud. Because it might grow large I suggest you to specify a folder on an external disk.
Minarca
Now to the backup system. For this we'll use Minarca, a web interface based on rdiff-backup. Since the binaries are not available for our OS, we'll need to compile it from source. It's not a big deal, even our small Raspberry Pi 4 can handle the process.
$ cd /home/pi/Documents
$ sudo git clone https://gitlab.com/ikus-soft/minarca.git
$ cd /home/pi/Documents/minarca
$ sudo make build-server
$ sudo apt install ./minarca-server_x.x.x-dxxxxxxxx_xxxxx.deb
$ sudo nano /etc/minarca/minarca-server.conf
# Minarca configuration. # Logging LogLevel=DEBUG LogFile=/valog/minarca/server.log LogAccessFile=/valog/minarca/access.log # Server interface ServerHost=0.0.0.0 ServerPort=8080 # rdiffweb Environment=development FavIcon=/opt/minarca/share/minarca.ico HeaderLogo=/opt/minarca/share/header.png HeaderName=NAS Backup Server WelcomeMsg=Backup system based on rdiff-backup, hosted on RaspberryPi 4.docs](https://gitlab.com/ikus-soft/minarca/-/blob/mastedoc/index.md”>docs) • admin DefaultTheme=default # Enable Sqlite DB Authentication. SQLiteDBFile=/etc/minarca/rdw.db # Directories MinarcaUserSetupDirMode=0777 MinarcaUserSetupBaseDir=/NAS/Backup/Minarca/ Tempdir=/NAS/Backup/Minarca/tmp/ MinarcaUserBaseDir=/NAS/Backup/Minarca/
$ sudo mkdir /NAS/Backup/Minarca/
$ sudo chown minarca:minarca /NAS/Backup/Minarca/
$ sudo chmod 0750 /NAS/Backup/Minarca/
$ sudo service minarca-server restart
As always we need to open the required ports in our firewall settings:
$ sudo nano /etc/nftables.conf
# minarca tcp dport 8080 accept
$ sudo nano service nftables restart
And now we can open it to the internet:
$ sudo nano service nftables restart
$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/30-minarca
upstream minarca { server 127.0.0.1:8080; keepalive 64; } server { server_name minarca.naspi.webredirect.org; location / { proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Server $host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded_for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass http://minarca; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_pass_request_headers on; proxy_set_header Connection "keep-alive"; proxy_store off; } listen 80; } $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/30-minarca /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/30-minarca
And enable SSL support, with HTTPS redirect:
$ sudo certbot --nginx
$ sudo service nginx restart
DNS records
As last thing you will need to set up your DNS records, in order to avoid having your mail rejected or sent to spam.
MX record
name: @ value: mail.naspi.webredirect.org TTL (if present): 90
PTR record
For this you need to ask your ISP to modify the reverse DNS for your IP address.
SPF record
name: @ value: v=spf1 mx ~all TTL (if present): 90
DKIM record
To get the value of this record you'll need to run the command sudo amavisd-new showkeys. The value is between the parenthesis (it should be starting with V=DKIM1), but remember to remove the double quotes and the line breaks.
name: dkim._domainkey value: V=DKIM1; P= ... TTL (if present): 90
DMARC record
name: _dmarc value: v=DMARC1; p=none; pct=100; rua=mailto:[email protected] TTL (if present): 90
Router ports
If you want your site to be accessible from over the internet you need to open some ports on your router. Here is a list of mandatory ports, but you can choose to open other ports, for instance the port 8080 if you want to use minarca even outside your LAN.
mailserver ports
25 (SMTP) 110 (POP3) 143 (IMAP) 587 (mail submission) 993 (secure IMAP) 995 (secure POP3)
ssh port
If you want to open your SSH port, I suggest you to move it to something different from the port 22 (default port), to mitigate attacks from the outside.
HTTP/HTTPS ports
80 (HTTP) 443 (HTTPS)
The end?
And now the server is complete. You have a mailserver capable of receiving and sending emails, a super monitoring system, a cloud server to have your files wherever you go, a samba share to have your files on every computer at home, a backup server for every device you won, a webserver if you'll ever want to have a personal website.
But now you can do whatever you want, add things, tweak settings and so on. Your imagination is your only limit (almost).
EDIT: typos ;)
'''
This is for cyberpatriots, pls don't use this.
#!/bin/bash
# CyberPatriot Ubuntu (Trusty Tahr) Script v0.3.5
# Root is required to run this script, but chmod should not be used on script or run as root.
# User running script must be in group 'sudo'.
#
# Not everything is covered in this script. Please make sure to review checklist and the Securing Debian Manual.
# This script is only meant to be used for whichever team Keita Susuki is on.
# CHANGES: sed is now more often used to find and replace instead of append to config files
function main {
kernel_info=$(uname -a)
time=$(date)
display_info=$(whoami)
sshd="/etc/ssh/sshd_config"
apache_s="/etc/apache2/apache2.conf"
vsftpd_s="/etc/vsftpd.conf"
echo "---------------------------------------------------------"
echo "Script version: v0.3.5"
echo "Current User: $display_info"
echo "Team: Binary Bros"
echo "Current Time: $time"
echo "Kernel info: $kernel_info"
echo "Now, what can I do for you today?"
echo "---------------------------------------------------------"
echo -en '\n'
read -p "Press ENTER to continue."
echo -en '\n'
echo "WARNING: IF YOU HAVE NEGLECTED TO COMPLETE THE FORENSICS QUESTIONS, IMMEDIATELY CTRL+C THIS SCRIPT."
echo "HAVE YOU COMPLETED ALL THE FORENSICS QUESTIONS? [Y/N]"
read -r forensic_questions
if [[ $forensic_questions == "y" || $forensic_questions == "Y" ]]; then
clear
echo "Good. Now let's start working."
elif [[ $forensic_questions == "n" || $forensic_questions == "N" ]]; then
echo "Finish the forensics questions and come back."
exit
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Before using apt, we need to check to see if sources.list hasn't been tampered with."
echo "Redirecting you to /etc/apt/sources.list in 5 seconds..."
sleep 5
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
echo "Securing /run/shm."
echo "r-- is dangerous, only on servers if there is no reason for /run/shm."
echo "Read only /run/shm can cause many programs to break. Be cautious."
echo -en '\n'
echo "Options:"
echo "Mount /run/shm r-- (read-only) [r]"
echo "Mount /run/shm rw- (read-write) [w]"
echo "Skip this method. [x]"
read -r shared_memory
if [[ $shared_memory == "r" || $shared_memory == "R" ]]; then
echo "none /run/shm tmpfs defaults,ro 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
echo "Done. Restart box after script has run its course."
elif [[ $shared_memory == "w" || $shared_memory == "w" ]]; then
echo "none /run/shm tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
echo "Done. Restart box after script has run its course."
elif [[ $shared_memory == "x" || $shared_memory == "X" ]]; then
echo "Understood. Check UnsafeDefaults page on Ubuntu's website."
fi
echo -en '\n'
echo "Next, we will check hosts file. Make sure nothing looks amiss (default config)."
echo "Redirecting you to hosts file in 5 seconds..."
sleep 5
sudo gedit /etc/hosts
echo -en '\n'
echo "See if nameserver is unfamiliar, if it is, change to google public (8.8.8.8)."
echo "Redirecting you in 3 seconds..."
sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf
echo -en '\n'
echo "I will now install packages necessary for the security of the system."
echo -en '\n'
sudo apt-get -y -qq install rkhunter clamav clamtk gufw ufw libpam-cracklib vim nmap sysv-rc-conf bum unattended-upgrades logcheck lynis members auditd chkrootkit fail2ban
echo -en '\n'
echo "Configuring automatic upgrades.."
sudo dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low unattended-upgrades
echo "Would you like to manually use gufw or have the script automatically use ufw and close off ports?"
echo -en '\n'
echo "Options:"
echo "g: gufw"
echo "a: auto ufw"
echo "ga: ufw then manual gufw"
read -r firewall_config
if [[ $firewall_config == "g" || $firewall_config == "G" ]]; then
echo "Opening gufw in 5 seconds..."
sleep 5
sudo gufw
elif [[ $firewall_config == "a" || $firewall_config == "A" ]]; then
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw deny 23
sudo ufw deny 2049
sudo ufw deny 515
sudo ufw deny 111
sudo ufw deny 9051
sudo ufw deny 31337
sudo ufw status
echo "Automatic configuration of firewall completed. I recommend that you look over this again."
sleep 10
elif [[ $firewall_config == "ga" || $firewall_config == "GA" ]]; then
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw deny 23
sudo ufw deny 2049
sudo ufw deny 515
sudo ufw deny 111
sudo ufw deny 9051
sudo ufw deny 31337
sudo gufw
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Running nmap on 127.0.0.1 to display open ports..." # nmap isn't considered a "hacking tool"
echo "Would you also like to save output to nmap_output.txt [y/n]?"
echo -en '\n'
read -r nmap_input
if [[ $nmap_input == "y" || $nmap_input == "Y" ]]; then
echo "Sending output to nmap_output.txt.."
touch nmap_output.txt
echo "Running nmap on localhost again so you can see the output."
nmap -sV 127.0.0.1 > nmap_output.txt
sleep 10
echo -en '\n'
elif [[ $nmap_input == "n" || $nmap_input == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood. Running nmap on localhost.."
nmap -sV 127.0.0.1
sleep 10
echo -en '\n'
else
echo "Error: bad input."
echo -en '\n'
fi
echo "Now please disable unneeded processes keeping ports open."
sleep 5
sudo sysv-rc-conf # preferred tool for this
echo -en '\n'
echo "Please make sure there is nothing besides exit 0 and some comments."
sleep 5
sudo vim /etc/rc.local
echo -en '\n'
echo "Checking for sshd_config file"
if [ -f "$sshd" ]; then
echo "sshd is present on this system."
echo "Is sshd a critical service on this machine? [y/n]"
echo "note: selecting N will remove sshd from this system. Proceed with caution."
read -r sshd_critical
if [[ $sshd_critical == "y" || $sshd_critical == "Y" ]]; then
sshd_secure_config
elif [[ $sshd_critical == "n" || $sshd_critical == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo -en '\n'
echo "Would you like to restart sshd? [y/n]"
read -r sshd_restart_uinput
if [[ $sshd_restart_uinput == "Y" || $sshd_restart_uinput == "y" ]]; then # may take points and then give back
echo "Restarting sshd..."
sudo service sshd restart
elif [[ $sshd_restart_uinput == "n" || $sshd_restart_uinput == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood. Remember that changes will not happen until sshd is restarted."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
fi
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Disabling guest user and turning off autologin. Editing /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf"
echo "Checklist reference: GENERAL/8 Alpha, Bravo"
echo "Remember to restart lightdm or restart box later on."
echo "I will direct you there in 5 seconds."
sleep 5
sudo vim /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
echo -en '\n'
printf "Now, would you like for me to add some better settings for /etc/sysctl.conf? [y\n]"
read -r secure_sysctl
if [[ $secure_sysctl == "y" || $secure_sysctl == "Y" ]]; then
sysctl_secure_config
elif [[ $secure_sysctl == "n" || $secure_sysctl == "N" ]]; then
echo -en '\n'
echo "Understood, I recommend you do this manually however."
else
echo -en '\n'
echo "Error: bad input"
fi
echo -en '\n'
echo "Lock the root account? [y/n]"
read -r disable_root
echo -en '\n'
if [[ $disable_root == "y" || $disable_root == "Y" ]]; then
sudo passwd -l root
echo "Root account locked."
elif [[ $disable_root == "n" || $disable_root == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, manually lock please."
else
echo "Bad input."
fi
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Limit access to su to all users but the ones in group wheel? [y/n]"
echo -en '\n'
read -r lim_su
if [[ $lim_su == "y" || $lim_su == "Y" ]]; then
sudo chown [link]
1 /bin/su sudo
chmod 04750 /bin/su
echo "Done."
elif [[ $lim_su == "n" || $lim_su == "N" ]]; then
echo "Remember to manually limit access to su! All it takes is a single uncomment..."
else
echo "Bad input."
fi
clear
if [[ -f "$apache_s" ]]; then
echo "Is apache2 supposed to be installed on this system? [y/n]"
echo "If you choose N then you will subsequently uninstall apache2. Be careful."
read -r apache2_que
if [[ $apache2_que == "y" || $apache2_que == "Y" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on to securing apache2."
apache2_secure
elif [[ $apache2_que == "n" || $apache2_que == "N" ]]; then
echo "Uninstalling apache2..."
sudo service apache2 stop
sudo apt-get purge apache2
else
echo "Bad input."
fi
else
echo "Apache2 is not installed, moving on."
fi
if [[ -f "$vsftpd_s" ]]; then
echo "vsftpd configuration file detected."
echo "Is vsftpd a critical service on this machine? [y/n]"
echo "If you choose N then you will subsequently uninstall vsftpd. Be careful."
read -r vsftpd_choice
if [[ $vsftpd_choice == "y" || $vsftpd_choice == "Y" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on to securing vsftpd."
vsftpd_secure
elif [[ $vsftpd_choice == "n" || $vsftpd_choice == "N" ]]; then
sudo service vsftpd stop
sudo apt-get purge vsftpd
else
echo "Bad input."
fi
else
echo "vsftpd is not installed on this machine, moving on."
fi
clear
echo "Check apparmor? [y/n]"
read -r apparmor_check
if [[ $apparmor_check == "y" || $apparmor_check == "Y" ]]; then
apparmor_fix
elif [[ $apparmor_check == "n" || $apparmor_check == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
echo -en '\n'
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo -en '\n'
echo "Deny su to non admins? [y/n]"
echo -en '\n'
read -r deny_su
if [[ $deny_su == "y" || $deny_su == "Y" ]]; then
sudo dpkg-statoverride --update --add root sudo 4750 /bin/su
echo "Done."
elif [[ $deny_su == "n" || $deny_su == "N" ]]; then
sudo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo -en '\n'
echo "Secure home directory? [y/n]"
echo "NOTE: potentially dangerous."
echo -en '\n'
read -r home_secure
if [[ $home_secure == "y" || $home_secure == "Y" ]]; then
echo "What is your username?"
echo "I need it so I can chmod 0700 your home directory."
read -r username_uinput
sudo chmod 0700 /home/"$username_uinput"
echo "Thanks!."
elif [[ $home_secure == "n" || $home_secure == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Prevent IP spoofing? [y/n]"
echo "(/etc/host.conf)"
read -r ip_spoof
echo -en '\n'
if [[ $ip_spoof == "y" || $ip_spoof == "Y" ]]; then
echo "order bind,hosts" | sudo tee -a /etc/host.conf
echo "nospoof on" | sudo tee -a /etc/host.conf
echo "IP spoofing disabled."
elif [[ $ip_spoof == "n" || $ip_spoof == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, skipping disabling ip spoofing."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Would you like to edit /etc/pam.d? [y/n]"
read -r pam_secure
if [[ $pam_secure == "y" || $pam_secure == "Y" ]]; then
echo "Use subroutine pam_secure? [y/n]"
read -r choose_pam_secure
if [[ $choose_pam_secure == "y" || $choose_pam_secure == "Y" ]]; then
pam_secure
elif [[ $choose_pam_secure == "n" || $choose_pam_secure == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Redirecting you to /etc/pam.d/common-password. Use checklist."
echo "Checklist reference: GENERAL/10 ALPHA"
echo -en '\n'
sleep 5
sudo vim /etc/pam.d/common-password
echo -en '\n'
echo "Redirecting you to /etc/pam.d/common-auth. Use checklist."
echo "Checklist reference: GENERAL/10 BRAVO"
sleep 5
sudo vim /etc/pam.d/common-auth
echo -en '\n'
echo "Redirecting you to /etc/login.defs. Use checklist."
echo "Checklist reference: GENERAL/10 CHARLIE"
sleep 5
sudo vim /etc/login.defs
elif [[ $pam_secure == "n" || $pam_secure == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, will skip securing pam.d. Make sure to use the checklist and do so manually."
else
echo "Sorry, bad input."
fi
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Would you like to delete media files? [y/n]"
echo "Warning: Feature untested due to obvious reasons."
echo -en '\n'
read -r media_input
if [[ $media_input == "y" || $media_input == "Y" ]]; then
sudo find / -name '*.mp3' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.mov' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.mp4' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.avi' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.mpg' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.mpeg' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.flac' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.m4a' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.flv' -type f -delete
sudo find / -name '*.ogg' -type f -delete
sudo find /home -name '*.gif' -type f -delete
sudo find /home -name '*.png' -type f -delete
sudo find /home -name '*.jpg' -type f -delete
sudo find /home -name '*.jpeg' -type f -delete
elif [[ $media_input == "n" || $media_input == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, manually search and destroy media files."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo -en '\n'
clear
echo "Would you like to install updates? [y/n]"
read -r update_input
if [[ $update_input == "y" || $update_input == "Y" ]]; then
sudo apt-get -qq -y update
sudo apt-get -qq -y upgrade
sudo apt-get -qq -y dist-upgrade
sudo apt-get -qq -y autoremove
elif [[ $update_input == "n" || $update_input == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
echo -en '\n'
else
echo "Error: bad input."
echo -en '\n'
fi
sudo freshclam
clear
echo "Run chkrootkit and rkhunter? [y/n]"
read -r rootkit_chk
if [[ $rootkit_chk == "y" || $rootkit_chk == "Y" ]]; then
touch rkhunter_output.txt
echo "Rkhunter output file created as rkhunter_output.txt."
touch chkrootkit_output.txt
echo "chkrootkit output file created as chkrootkit_output.txt."
sudo chkrootkit | tee chkrootkit_output.txt
sudo rkhunter -c | tee rkhunter_output.txt
elif [[ $rootkit_chk == "n" || $rootkit_chk == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
sudo clamscan -r /
clear
echo -en '\n'
sleep 5
touch lynis_output.txt
echo "Lynis output file created as lynis_output.txt."
sudo lynis -c | tee lynis_output.txt
echo "Enable apparmor? [y/n]"
read -r apparmor_enabling
if [[ $apparmor_enabling == "y" || $apparmor_enabling == "Y" ]]; then
sudo perl -pi -e 's,GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="(.*)"$,GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="$1 apparmor=1 security=apparmor",' /etc/default/grub
sudo update-grub
elif [[ $apparmor_enabling == "n" || $apparmor_enabling == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, you should enable it however."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "The script has run it's course."
echo "Remember to manually check config files and finish any changes."
echo -en '\n'
echo "--------------------------------------------------------"
echo "INFORMATION"
echo "--------------------------------------------------------"
echo "Current User: $display_info"
echo "Current Time: $time"
echo "Kernel info: $kernel_info"
echo "--------------------------------------------------------"
echo -en '\n'
read -p "Press ENTER to reboot the system."
sudo reboot
}
function apache2_secure {
sudo apt-get -y install libapache2-modsecurity
sudo apt-get -y install libapache2-modevasive
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ServerSignature .*/ServerSignature Off/g' /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/security.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ServerTokens .*/ServerTokens Off/g' /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/security.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?Options .*/Options None/g' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?AllowOverride .*/AllowOverride None/g' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?Require*/Require all granted/g' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?LimitRequestBody*/LimitRequestBody 204800/g' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
echo "
" | sudo tee -a /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
echo "Order deny, allow" | sudo tee -a /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
echo "Deny from all" | sudo tee -a /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
echo "Check if mod_security module is running..."
echo "" | sudo tee -a /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?Timeout*/Timeout 15/g' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?LimitXMLRequestBody*/LimitXMLRequestBody 204800/' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf
sudo apachectl -M | grep --color security
echo "Is mod_security on? It should say security2_module somewhere."
read -r security_a2_on
if [[ $security_a2_on == "y" || $security_a2_on == "Y" ]]; then
echo "Good. I will move on."
elif [[ $security_a2_on == "n" || $security_a2_on == "N" ]]; then
sudo mv /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf-recommended /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?SecRuleEngine .*/SecRuleEngine On/g' /etc/modsecurity/modsecurity.conf
sudo service apache2 restart
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
return 1
}
function pam_secure {
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PASS_MAX_DAYS .*/PASS_MAX_DAYS 90/g' /etc/login.defs
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PASS_MIN_DAYS .*/PASS_MIN_DAYS 7/g' /etc/login.defs
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PASS_WARN_AGE .*/PASS_WARN_AGE 7/g' /etc/login.defs
echo "Setup failed login attempts in /etc/pam.d/common-auth and add some config changes? [y/n]"
read -r fail_pamd_ca
if [[ $fail_pamd_ca == "y" || $fail_pamd_ca == "Y" ]]; then
echo "auth optional pam_tally.so deny=5 unlock_time=900 onerr=fail audit even_deny_root_account silent" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/common-auth
sudo sed -i 's/^#?pam_unix.so .*/password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass sha512
remember=10 minlen=8 difok=5/g' /etc/pam.d/common-password
elif [[ $fail_pamd_ca == "n" || $fail_pamd_ca == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Create brutally paranoid configuration for /etc/pam.d/other? [y/n]"
echo "NOTE: IF PAM FILES ARE DELETED ACCIDENTALLY, SYSTEM FAILURE MAY OCCUR."
read -r other_paranoid
if [[ $other_paranoid == "y" || $other_paranoid == "Y" ]]; then
echo "auth required pam_deny.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "auth required pam_warn.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "account required pam_deny.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "account required pam_warn.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "password required pam_deny.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "password required pam_warn.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "session required pam_deny.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
echo "session required pam_warn.so" | sudo tee -a /etc/pam.d/other
elif [[ $other_paranoid == "n" || $other_paranoid == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
return 1
}
function vsftpd_secure {
sudo sed -i 's/^anonymous_enable=.*/anonymous_enable=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
echo "Anonymous FTP login disabled."
sudo sed -i 's/^chroot_local_user=.*/chroot_local_user=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
echo "Local users restricted to their home directories."
echo "Create SSL/TLS certificate and private key for vsftpd server? [y/n]"
read -r ssl_vsftpd
if [[ $ssl_vsftpd == "y" || $ssl_vsftpd == "Y" ]]; then
sudo openssl req -x509 -days 365 -newkey [link]
2 -nodes -keyout /etc/vsftpd.pem -out /etc/vsftpd.pem
echo "Created."
echo "Making config changes..."
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ssl_enable=.*/ssl_enable=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf #enable tls/ssl
echo "SSL enabled."
sudo sed -i 's/^#?allow_anon_ssl=.*/allow_anon_ssl=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?force_local_data_ssl=.*/force_local_data_ssl=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?force_local_logins_ssl=.*/force_local_logins_ssl=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ssl_tlsv1=.*/ssl_tlsv1=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ssl_sslv2=.*/ssl_sslv2=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ssl_sslv3=.*/ssl_sslv3=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?require_ssl_reuse=.*/require_ssl_reuse=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?ssl_ciphers=.*/ssl_ciphers=HIGH/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?rsa_cert_file=.*/rsa_cert_file=/etc/vsftpd.pem/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?rsa_private_key_file=.*/rsa_private_key_file=/etc/vsftpd.pem/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?pasv_max_port=.*/pasv_max_port=65535/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?pasv_min_port=.*/pasv_min_port=64000/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?local_max_rate=.*/local_max_rate=30000/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?idle_session_timeout=.*/idle_session_timeout=120/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?max_per_ip=.*/max_per_ip=15/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?xferlog_enable=.*/xferlog_enable=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?xferlog_std_format=.*/xferlog_std_format=NO/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?xferlog_file=.*/xferlog_file=/valog/vsftpd.log/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
echo "Log file set at /valog/vsftpd.log"
sudo sed -i 's/^#?log_ftp_protocol=.*/log_ftp_protocol=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
sudo sed -i 's/^#?debug_ssl=.*/debug_ssl=YES/g' /etc/vsftpd.conf
echo "Configuration changes complete. Check /etc/vsftpd.conf later to see if they have all been done."
echo -en '\n'
echo "[link]
3 "
echo -en '\n'
echo "Adding firewall exceptions.."
sudo ufw allow 20
sudo ufw allow 21
sudo ufw allow 64000:65535/tcp
sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 64000:65535 -j ACCEPT
elif [[ $ssl_vsftpd == "n" || $ssl_vsftpd == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood. However, this is recommended."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Restart vsftpd? [y/n]"
read -r vsftpd_restart
if [[ $vsftpd_restart == "y" || $vsftpd_restart == "Y" ]]; then
sudo service vsftpd restart
elif [[ $vsftpd_restart == "n" || $vsftpd_restart == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
return 1
}
function apparmor_fix {
if [ -f /ussbin/apparmor_status ]; then
echo "Apparmor already installed."
else
echo "Apparmor not installed, installing."
sudo apt-get install -y -qq apparmor apparmor-profiles apparmor-utils
echo "Apparmor will be enabled at the end of the script."
fi
return 1
}
function sshd_secure_config {
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PermitRootLogin .*/PermitRootLogin no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
return 1
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PermitEmptyPasswords .*/PermitEmptyPasswords no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?Port .*/Port 2223/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?X11Forwarding .*/X11Forwarding no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo ufw allow 2223
sudo sed -i 's/^#?Protocol .*/Protocol 2/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PrintLastLog .*/PrintLastLog no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?IgnoreRhosts .*/IgnoreRhosts yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?RhostsAuthentication .*/RhostsAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?RSAAuthentication .*/RSAAuthentication yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?HostbasedAuthentication .*/HostbasedAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?LoginGraceTime .*/LoginGraceTime 60/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?MaxStartups .*/MaxStartups 4/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
echo "Automatic configuration complete."
sudo sed -i 's/^#?LogLevel .*/LogLevel VERBOSE/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
echo "ClientAliveInterval 300" | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config
echo "ClientAliveCountMax 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i 's/^#?StrictModes .*/StrictModes yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
clear
echo "Use iptables to try to prevent bruteforcing? [y/n]"
read -r iptable_ssh
if [[ $iptable_ssh == "y" || $iptable_ssh == "Y" ]]; then
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2223 -m state --state NEW -m recent --set --name ssh --rsource
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 2223 -m state --state NEW -m recent ! --rcheck --seconds 60 --hitcount 4 --name ssh --rsource -j ACCEPT
echo "Done."
elif [[ $iptable_ssh == "n" || $iptable_ssh == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
echo "Use public/private keys for authentication instead of passwords? [y/n]"
read -r auth_private
if [[ $auth_private == "y" || $auth_private == "Y" ]]; then
sudo ssh-keygen -t rsa
clear
sudo chmod 700 ~/.ssh
sudo chmod 600 ~/.ssh/id_rsa
cat id_rsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
restorecon -Rv ~/.ssh
sudo sed -i 's/^#?PasswordAuthentication .*/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
elif [[ $auth_private == "n" || $auth_private == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, moving on."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
return 1
}
function sysctl_secure_config {
echo "kernel.sysrq = 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
clear
echo -en '\n'
echo "Disable IPv6? [y/n]"
echo -en '\n'
read -r ipv6_disable
if [[ $ipv6_disable == "y" || $ipv6_disable == "Y" ]]; then
echo "net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1" | sudo tee -a /etc/sysctl.conf
echo "IPv6 disabled."
elif [[ $ipv6_disable == "n" || $ipv6_disable == "N" ]]; then
echo "Understood, skipping disabling IPv6."
else
echo "Error: bad input."
fi
return 1
}
if [ "$(id -u)" != "0" ]; then
echo "Please run this script as root. I promise I won't dd /dev/urandom into /dev/sda..."
exit
else
main
fi
'''
DON'T USE THIS Go1dfish undelete link unreddit undelete link Author:
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Unknown links are censored to prevent spreading illicit content.
This command tells the server that the transfer is going to involve a file with a binary data type and hence to prepare for a binary mode transfer. The download proceeds as before. But now, when we try to open the file using the gThumb application, we can now see the actual image. The same thing happens when we load the image file using the Image Viewer. This worked because an image file ... Passes a z/OS UNIX System Services command to the local z/OS shell. ... BINary: Sets the transfer type to IMAGE. BINary subcommand—Change the data transfer type to Image : BLock: Sets the data transfer mode to block mode. This is equivalent to specifying the MOde B subcommand. BLock subcommand—Set the block data transfer mode: CCc: Turns off integrity protection on the command channel. CCc ... Synopsis typeset [options] [variable[=value...]] typeset -pIn Bash, identical to declare.See declare.. In the Korn shell, assign a type to each variable (along with an optional initial value), or, if no variables are supplied, display all variables of a particular type (as determined by the options).When variables are specified, -option enables the type and +option disables it. specifies the type of data contained within the file: text, binary, or vb. text indicates it is a text file. The default is text. The following shows the default source file attributes assigned for UNIX text files, which are to be used if necessary by the remote Sterling Connect:Direct node: dsorg=ps; recfm=vb; lrecl=23036; blksize=23040; binary indicates the file contains binary data. The ... The other useful advantage of typeset is in conversion between hex/dec/oct and binary.In one of our earlier articles bc - unix calculator, we have seen how to use bc command to do the conversions from base/oct/hex and decimal. The same can be achieved through typeset as well. Options supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set command.? The decimal value returned by the last executed command. $ The process number of this shell. _ Initially, the value of _ (an underscore) is an absolute pathname of the shell or script being executed as passed in the environment. Subsequently it is assigned the last argument of ... To Changing FTP Mode to binary or ascii. ftp> ascii. output: 200 Type set to A. Example-3: To Download a file using ftp: ftp> get README . output: 200 PORT command successful. 150 ASCII data connection for README (128.138.242.10,3134) (2881 bytes). 226 ASCII Transfer complete. local: README remote: README 2939 bytes received in 0.066 seconds ... ksh - Unix, Linux Command - NOTE: Pfksh, Rpfksh and pfexec parts are not related to Linux systems. Rksh can be used as rksh symlink to ksh93 or as ksh -r. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure. ascii: Set the file transfer type to network ASCII. This is the default type. bell: Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer command is completed. binary: Set the file transfer type to support binary image transfer. bye Note that the timezone environment variable TZ should be set according to the local timezone for the -f, -u and -o options to work correctly. The reasons behind this are somewhat subtle but have to do with the differences between the Unix-format file times (always in GMT) and most of the other operating systems (always local time) and the necessity to compare the two.
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